After King Richards death during the 3rd crusade in 1199, King John I, Richard's brother came to the thrown of England. King John I was not a very popular King. He is reputed to have stayed at Scarborough Castle may times during his reign - perhaps as a means of escaping the politics of southern England. Certainly he was not popular with the English Barons, the King of France, Philip II or the Pope, Innocent III .
In 1204, "King Philip II" of France took control of Normandy from John, and attempted a number of invasions of England both with the support of the Pope and support from English Barons.
In 1209 "Pope Innocent III" excommunicated King John, and in 1215 King John was compelled to sing the Magna Carta ensuring a Charter of Rights and Civil Liberties.

John was the youngest, and favorite son of Henry II. King Richard was not too impressed with John though. He initially selected his nephew, Arthur, as his heir, BUT when Arthur was captured by Philip II of France, Richard re-selected John.
John also tried to sieze control of England from Richard while he was away on the crusades, but without success. (The legend of Robin Hood emerged during this era)

Henry III came to the thrown in 1216 after John's death from a fever. Henry spent great sums of money on art, and raising the profile of the English monarchy through opulence.

Henry III also allowed a Royal Charter with permission to hold "Scarborough Fair" on the beach. Scarborough was becoming famous as a fishing port during this period. The sale of fish has been a major source of wealth for Scarborough right up to the 20th Century. Scarborough most famous song "Scarborough Fair" probably orginates from this period by an unknown bard. Scarborough Fair (A fishing sale/market fair during August/September) was held on Scarborough South Bay. A new quay was build as an addition to Scarborough harbour in 1253 further raising the town profile as a fishing town

Edward I became king of England upon "Henry III" death in 1272. He spent time on the Crusades from 1270 before becoming King so he was considered by his subjects as a successful General and Politition before coming to the thrown. He worked towards reform and agreed that parliament was a necessary institution.

Edward I also held court at Scarborough Castle.

The church had a great deal of control over the monarchy and the beliefs of people during this period. The crusades were in full swing. During this period Science and facts were also starting to take shape. The work of Roger Bacon (most notably - Opus Marius) is considered one of the foundation works of modern science where practicle knowledge is stressed, along with ascertaining facts, and the need for experimentation.